The Brutality of Japanese Imperialism to Korea Research Paper

The Brutality of Japanese Imperialism to Korea - Research Paper Example The utilization of Forced work and draft from Korea 2. The enslavement of Women 3. Experimentation on the human body. The frontier time of Japanese relations with Korea is spooky with recollections of the persecuted just as accounts that depict the ruthless requirement of their strategies. The Prime Minister Naoto Kan said the accompanying, Through the pilgrim decide that was without wanting to... the individuals of Korea were denied of their country and culture and their ethnic pride was profoundly harmed, (Australian, 2010). The propagation of social annihilation against the country was an endeavor to acclimatize the Koreans into the Japanese lifestyle. This provoked Japan to guarantee the arrival of social relics that were reallocated during the magnificent occupation. This can be portrayed as an endeavor by the Japanese to produce nearer associations with the people of the Korean promontory (Australian, 2010). Mr Kan communicated his sentiments of profound regret and sincere stat ement of regret for the gigantic harm and enduring brought by the pioneer rule(Australian, 2010). ... The enlistment methods consistently included explicit intimidation strategies where people were constrained in the process of childbirth without wanting to. Constantly of 1942 the Japanese decision class passed what is known as the National Mobilization Law which sketched out the strategy for constrained induction of Korean laborers in production lines and mines. This strategy additionally incorporated the automatic movement of Koreans which added to the social massacre that was submitted against the people groups (Fukuoka, 1996). There were an aggregate of 5.5 million Koreans who were constrained into this projects where about 1 million of them were migrated to the primary island of Japan. The laborers had to work under conditions that were perilous and risky. Because of the states of the work offices there were reports of around 60,000 laborers who were slaughtered under those conditions. The all out evaluated passings between the time of 1939 and the finish of the occupation was a lmost 1 million. After the contention was finished, the finish of the war brought about the production of inside uprooted people who were not permitted repatriation to either terrain Japan or the Korean landmass. These people originated from the region of Russia that was constrained by the Japanese domain yet returned, called Sakhalin. This made what is known as Sakhalin Koreans whose presence is a demonstration of the severe crusade of the Chinese. In 1985, the Japanese government offered travel rights and subsidizing for the repatriation of the first gathering of Sakhalin Koreans, however approximately 1500 were returned of the timespan of 2 decades. The rest declined the offer and decided to remain in Sakhalin(Lee, 1999). The National Mobilization Law

Arpit Essay free essay sample

One of these mottos are Who controls the past controls the future: who controls the current controls the past. This, in general, implies that the past affects the future, for past occasions that happened guarantee the outlook of the individuals later on, and whether they need to rehash history. Additionally, the gathering controls the individuals in the present, and can in this manner control the past with the position to return and adjust history on paper to control what is being instructed to the majority. Occasions in the past impact occasions in he future.This is a perfect held to be genuine in the general public in 1 984, yet additionally in todays society. The past is recorded in history books, and is educated in schools. In the event that the past was perfect, at that point individuals will attempt to restore it. In any case, on the off chance that the past was terrible, at that point individuals will attempt to guarantee that such occasions wont happen once more. We will compose a custom paper test on Arpit Essay or on the other hand any comparable theme explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page This associates to the strategy utilized by the gathering. They made a past of devastation and anguish through modifying history records, and guarantee to have freed the individuals of Oceania.As an outcome, everybody completely awaits by the Party, for they dont need to rehash the past. Hence, who controls the past controls what's to come. Re-arranged word 2 The Party itself controls the present, consequently it can control the past. Their principle objective is to stay in absolute order consistently, and control everybody both genuinely and intellectually. Genuinely, they use telescopes to screen their subjects each move, with the goal that they are under consistent observation and put under tension of the administration. For the psychological impact, they revamp and control the plan of chronicled assets. This permits them to have control over the manner by which its subjects consider the past. This is a bit of leeway, for the entirety of their assets mirror the belief system of the Party itself, and they can show themselves in a positive way with the goal that they can remain in power. Furthermore, everybody is precluded from keeping diaries and different tokens from their pasts. Therefore, the residents of Oceania have a loose and temporary memory, which permits the Party to reveal to them anything, realizing that they will live it.Thus, the Party controls the past with controlling the present. In 1984 by George Orwell, Party trademarks are noteworthy approaches to hold their primary standards. The trademark, Who controls the past controls the future: who controls the current controls the past is important for its actual significance. It implies that past occasions are powerful on the future, and decides the repeat of history. Additionally, it implies that the legislature that controls the present can control the past, through changing authentic records.

Book Riots Deals of the Day for August 7th, 2019

Book Riot’s Deals of the Day for August 7th, 2019 Sponsored by  Ruby Lang’s Playing House. Available now wherever eBooks are sold. These deals were active as of this writing, but may expire soon, so get them while they’re hot! Todays  Featured Deals Dear Universe: 200 Mini-Meditations for Instant Manifestations  by Sarah Prout for $2.99. Get it here, or just click on the cover image below. Fewer, Better Things: The Hidden Wisdom of Objects  by Glenn Adamson for $1.99.  Get it here, or just click on the cover image below. Stripped (Happy Endings Book 1) by Zoey Castile for $2.99.  Get it here, or just click on the cover image below. In Case You Missed Yesterdays Most Popular Deals The Murmur of Bees by Sofia Segovia for $1.99.  Get it here, or just click on the cover image below. Rules of Civility  by Amor Towles for $1.99.  Get it here, or just click on the cover image below. Previous Daily Deals That Are Still Active As Of This Writing (Get em While Theyre hot!): The Readers of Broken Wheel Recommend by Katarina Bivald for $2.99. A Peoples History of the United States by Howard Zinn for $2.99. The Hangmans Daughter by  Oliver Pötzsch for $1.99. The Shadow of the Wind by Carlos Ruiz Zafón and translated by Lucia Graves for $1.99. The Wedding Date by Jasmine Guillory for $1.99. The Murders of Molly Southbourne by Tade Thompson for $3.99. Mind Platter by Najwa Zebian for $1.99. An Untamed State by Roxane Gay for $2.99 The Calculating Stars by Mary Robinette Kowal for $2.99 Girl, Interrupted by Susanna Kaysen for $2.99 Drop the Ball: Achieving More by Doing Less by Tiffany Dufu for $2.99 The Hunger by Alma Katsu for $1.99 Black Boy by Richard Wright for $1.99 Temper by Nicky Drayden for $1.99 Girls of Paper and Fire by Natasha Ngan for $2.99 Feel Free by Zadie Smith for $3.99 The Cutting Season by Attica Locke for $1.99. New Suns: Original Speculative Fiction by People of Color Edited By Nisi Shawl for $0.99. Mapping the Interior by Stephen Graham Jones for $3.99 The Casquette Girls by Alys Arden for $0.99 The Bees by Laline Paull for $1.99 The Unexpected Inheritance of Inspector Chopra  by Vaseem Khan for $2.99 Grace and Fury  by Tracy Banghart for $2.99 Shuri (2018 #1)  by Nnedi Okorafor for $1.99 The Only Harmless Great Thing by Brooke Bolander for $1.99 Sing, Unburied, Sing by Jesmyn Ward for $2.99 Rosewater by Tade Thompson for $2.99 Family Trust  by Kathy Wang for $1.99 The Black Gods Drums by P. Djèlí Clark for $1.99 Gods, Monsters, and the Lucky Peach by Kelly Robson for $1.99 My Soul to Keep by Tananarive Due for $0.99 All Systems Red: The Murderbot Diaries by Martha Wells for $3.99 Jade City by Fonda Lee for $2.99 Here to Stay by Sara Farizan  for $1.99 A Big Ship at the Edge of the Universe by Alex White  for $2.99 Silver in the Wood by Emily Tesh for $3.99 A Curious Beginning  by Deanna Raybourn  for $2.99 Storm Front  by Jim Butcher (Book One of the Dresden Files)  for $2.99 Guapa  by Saleem Haddad for $1.99 Hogwarts: an Incomplete and Unreliable Guide  by J.K. Rowling  for $2.99 Short Stories from Hogwarts  by J.K. Rowling  for $2.99 The Paper Magician by Charlie N. Holmberg for $1.99 The Girl with the Red Balloon by Katherine Locke  for $1.99 The Invisible Library by Genevieve Cogman for $0.99 Half-Resurrection Blues by Daniel José Older for $2.99 Cant Escape Love by Alyssa Cole for $1.99 Leaves of Grass by Walt Whitman for $0.99. The Haunting of Tram Car 015 by P. Djèlí Clark for $3.99 A Quiet Life in the Country by T E Kinsey for $3.99 Empire of Sand by Tasha Suri for $4.99 Life and Death in Shanghai by Nien Cheng for $4.99 Binti  by Nnedi Okorafor for $1.99 Binti: Home  by Nnedi Okorafor for $2.99 Binti: The Night Masquerade by Nnedi Okorafor for $3.99 Instant Pot ®  Obsession: The Ultimate Electric Pressure Cooker Cookbook for Cooking Everything Fast by Janet A. Zimmerman for $2.99 Tell the Truth Shame the Devil by Lezley McSpadden with Lyah Beth LeFlore for $0.99 Magic Bites by Ilona Andrews for $2.99 Once Ghosted, Twice Shy by Alyssa Cole for  $1.99 Whatever Happened to Interracial Love? by Kathleen Collins for $3.99 In Search of Lost Time: Volumes 1-7  by Marcel Proust  for $0.99 Prime Meridian  by Silvia Moreno-Garcia for $3.99 The Mirror Empire by Kameron Hurley for $2.99 I Met a Traveller in an Antique Land  by Connie Willis for $0.99 Soy Sauce for Beginners by Kirstin Chen for $3.99 Silver Phoenix by Cindy Pon for $2.99 A Curious Beginning by Deanna Raybourn for $2.99 George by Alex Gino for $3.99 Destinys Captive by Beverly Jenkins for $1.99 A Rogue By Any Other Name by Sarah MacLean for $1.99 The Price of Salt by Patricia Highsmith for $0.99 Sign up for our Book Deals newsletter and get up to 80% off books you actually want to read.

Brave New World by Aldous Huxley Book Review

Brave New World is one of the novels written by Aldous Huxley and talks much about genetics and soma as a significant scientific issue. The discussion of the novel looks forward to progress in technology advancement that has contributed greatly towards changing today’s society. According to the author of the novel, he believes that the book serves like a satire from the place where he lived. Besides, it serves like a caution and a warning for the upcoming generation once the government is given the control and mandate over the new emerging technologies. Through the use of new technology humans have had changes in the way they lead their lives (Aldous 58). For instance, due to the comfort brought through technology, the society is seen to fully have started relying on the technology, a factor which has made humans lazy. According to the author of the novel, various forms of technologies have contributed towards changing the society. The issue of scientific work and research has been greatly discussed in the book. This has become a big debate especially with cloning. Soma-clonal issues have also been greatly discussed. This factsheet discusses widely on the use of Soma and the legalization of drugs in the book ‘Brave New World’ as one technology mentioned above which are contributing to the society change. Generally, Soma is used in various methods of medication (Aldous 123). Furthermore, it’s also a symbol of science and technology which has powerful influence in the society. For example, it acts like relaxer to muscles through prevention of pain in brain and nerves and farther used in therapies in the treatment of wounds and musculoskeletal situations which are painful. In real senses, relation and application of Soma, the drug serves to be symbolic of the use of immediate fulfillment to manage world’s inhabitants. In the real world social issues, there are various ways through which use of soma drugs relate to the entire society. From the study of the novel, it’s true that Brave New World is comprised of different persons who always keep away from the reality about the entire situations (Aldous 129). Â  For instance, the about worldwide use of soma drug may be the persistent case of stubborn self fantasy. Soma vapors the truth of the current and substitutes them with happy allusions, and therefore the reason it’s used as a tool for encouraging communal constancy. As discussed in the book, the use of soma drugs in the novel as emerging technology relates to social issues in the society which happens to have both negative and positive impacts. Such examples of social issues being faced nowadays which relate to the novel include; the increased rates of crimes, use of drugs without the required prescription, child abuse and increased rates of sexual harassments between the women (Aldous 135). Â  These social issues affecting the society nowadays are the same discussed in the novel hence they are seen to be due to the increased use of soma drugs and other related drugs which are used following the advancement in the emerging technology. Increased misuse of drugs have played great role in the changing of society norms of everyday activities (Aldous 143). Â  This has led to various negative impacts towards the society settings. For instance, in the cases of women, majority get sexually transmitted diseases in the cases where they are raped. Most of these scenes occur following misuse of drugs. Whereby, the drug users are out of their control and senses since at that time, the drugs dominate and take control of their senses. On the other hand, drugs have contributed greatly towards increased crime rates. This is the case where those who use drugs tend to go to the extreme of robbery in the event when they are broke. Furthermore, children have been abused through the new technology and the use of drugs. Many are introduced to drugs even before they know the purpose of the drugs. Here many students end up dropping from schools hence lowering the academic dignity of their state or country which later affects the economy of such states (Aldous 153). The emergence of the new technology has been of significance to some extent, but on other side the society which is taking the advantage fails to manage and use it at the right time. This has led to majority of people becoming lazy and unable to function normally without such drugs. In return, this lowers society development. Although many consumers of medicine do it for the reason to endure the confront and obstacles of life, many don’t understand the sid e effects associated with such drugs. In conclusion, the novel is scrutiny of the technical autocracy which is basically related to the society. With connection to this, the writter of the novel applies his little familiarity relation of humans in comparing the currrent day world with his visionary dream. Hence he examines intimaidatio to civilization, for instance the persuasion of chemicals through the new technology. In this case he clarifies the reasons as to why avoiding them is impossible in one way or the other. Works Cited Aldous, Huxley. Brave new world. Toronto: Random House of Canada, 1998.

Comparison of Research Design - 2594 Words

Descriptions of Basic Research Designs Research Design Families Creswell Text Reference Description Experimental Designs Pages 20-22 and Chapter 10. An experimental research design uses quantitative procedures to determine whether an activity or materials (an intervention) make a difference for participants. Two groups are formed: a control group and an experimental group. The experimental group receives the intervention and the control group does not. The performance of each group is assessed by measuring key variables and the measurements are compared statistically to see if the intervention made a difference. Correlational Designs Pages 20-22 and Chapter 11. An experimental research design uses quantitative procedures to†¦show more content†¦Within-Group or Individual Designs a. Time Series i. interrupted time series ii. equivalent time series b. Repeated Measures c. Single-Subject Designs i. A/B design ii. Multiple baseline design iii. Alternating treatments Correlational Designs Chapter 11, beginning on page 339. 1. Explanatory Design a. correlate two or more variables b. collect data at one point in time c. analyzes all participants as a single group d. two scores for each individual group-one for each variable e. correlation statistical test (or an extension of it) in the data analysis f. interpretations or conclusions 2. Prediction Design a. Predictor variable i. â€Å"prediction† in the title ii. measure the predictor variable(s) at one point in time iii. forecast future performance b. Criterion variable i. measure the criterion variable at a later point in time Survey Designs Chapter 12, beginning on page 377. 1. Cross-Sectional Survey Designs a. group comparisons b. national assessment 2. Longitudinal Survey Designs a. trend studies b. cohort studies c. panel studies Grounded Theory Designs Chapter 13, beginning on page 424. 1. The Systematic Design a. Open coding b. Axial coding c. Selective coding 2. Emergent Design a. fit b. work c. relevance d. modifiability 3. Constructivist a. views b.Show MoreRelatedComparison of Research Designs Essay3986 Words   |  16 PagesComparison of Research Designs Capella University Comparison of Research Designs Template The following seven tables are part of a template that will guide you through the comparison of research designs assignment. The tables include: †¢ Descriptions of basic research designs. †¢ Types of basic research designs. †¢ Main characteristics. †¢ Followed steps. †¢ Appropriate usage. †¢ Purpose statement and sample questions. Read MoreA Comparison of Multiple Research Designs2039 Words   |  9 PagesReversal design involves repeated measures of behavior in a given setting requiring at least three consecutive phases: initial baseline, intervention, and return to baseline (Cooper, 2007). As with any intervention, baseline data is a typical primary condition for beginning the process. With reversal design data is collected, until steady state responding is achieved and then intervention is begun. The condition is applied in the form of treatment and then reversal of the treatment is performedRead MoreQuantitative Research Design Critique Template899 Words   |  4 Pages NU310_Unit 5 Quantitative Research Design Critique Template â€Å"Quantitative studies usually focus on concepts that are fairly well developed, about which there is an existing body of evidence, and for which there are reliable methods of measurement† (Polit and Beck, 2012). I chose the Quantitative method of data collection for my research, because I want to determine the effective of regular instruction, face-to-face training, and follow-up on inhalation techniques in increasing treatment adherenceRead MoreQuasi-Experimental Designs Essay702 Words   |  3 PagesQuasi-Experimental Designs Milagros V. Mercado Walden University PSYC-3003-12 Methods in Psychological Inquiry Instructor: Meredith McKee 09/28/2011 Quasi-Experimental Designs According to (Stangor, 2011. pp. 274), quasi-experimental design is employed when there are two groups of people that cannot be assigned randomly to other groups. Also, in this type of design the variables cannot be manipulated as they would be in other types of experiments and the variables are measured ratherRead MoreAnalysis Of The NSCA OST Program798 Words   |  4 Pagesparticipating in the program on a scale of 1 to 5 (Strongly Disagree to Strongly Agree). The research design and collected data show some internal validity limitations such as: †¢ Limited data sample size †¢ Construct validity: Data collection design partially captures what it intended to do †¢ Data was missing or were not collected †¢ No data on parents were captured †¢ No control group was created; therefore, no comparisons can be made between the OST program students and non-OST students outcomes. As a resultRead MoreApplied Research Essay example1494 Words   |  6 PagesApplied Research Experimental and descriptive research designs, statistics, and inferences in psychological settings and methods differ in many ways yet have similar qualities. All psychological research follows ethical codes and regulations. Each type of experiment discussed contains similarities and differences. The importance of each research method for individuals and societies varies according to the need addressed in creating the project. Beneficial interventions and treatments are developedRead MoreProject Delivery System For The State Of Texas1103 Words   |  5 Pagessimilar projects or the owners can obtain data from research conducted by scholars/organizations. 5.1 Comparison of PDS based on project data from private industry A comparison of 2009 ENR Best Projects in Texas to determine the impact of Project delivery systems that are commonly used in the state of Texas. The project delivery system under this study are Design-bid-build, Competitive Sealed Proposal, Construction Manager at Risk, Design-build, Design-build-Bridging, and Job Order Contracting. HoweverRead MoreThe Language Arts Program1379 Words   |  6 PagesVariable(s)? The dependent variable of this study is the scores from Western Australian Verbal Fluency Test (WAVFT). Describe the possible confound(s) in this experimental design. There are two major possible confounds in this experimental design. Firstly, the social environments could be changed; the comparison from this experimental design is to compare the WAVFT scores between 1980 and previous year. During this period, the difference in the mean score could be resulted by the development of the technologyRead MoreEssay on Experimental Methods Used in Applied Research1702 Words   |  7 Pages317).† In this paper I will discuss some of these experimental methods used in applied research. First, I will discuss the similarities and differences between descriptive and inferential statistics, and when they should be used. In addition, I will explain the similarities and differences between single-case and small N-research designs. Furthermore, I will explain when single-case and small-N-research designs are used. Moreover; I will examine true experiments and examine how they control threatsRead MoreArticle Critique Assignment On Child Welfare Services8 36 Words   |  4 Pages Article Critique Assignment 1. Describe the type of research used in this study. Include whether it is qualitative, quantitative, or mixed-methods. Is it exploratory, descriptive, or explanatory? Be sure to justify your answers. This study was comprised of mixed methods in that there were observations, interviews utilized to gather data, but there was also a clearly stated hypothesis in which the researcher was seeking to answer. This study was explanatory as it sought to further support the

History of Motion Free Essays

Prior to Copernicus’ heliocentric model, the Ptolemaic system was, with the assistance of the Roman Catholic Church, the prevailing astronomical model of the universe in Europe leading up to the 16th Century. A geocentric model, it stated that Earth was the stationary centre of the universe, and used a system of epicycles and deferents (when a planet revolved in a small circle, and this small circle revolved in a bigger circle) were used to describe anomalies such as the retrograde motion of planets. Equants (a point which the centre of a planet’s epicycle moved at a uniform velocity) were used to approximate where planets would be at a certain time. We will write a custom essay sample on History of Motion or any similar topic only for you Order Now Even though the Ptolemaic model had various defects, as astronomers assumed that all the planets revolved at a uniform rate, planets revolved in perfect circles, and didn’t explain the retrograde motion of planets that it was formulated to do; it was still widely accepted by Western society for the next 1400 years. Nicolaus Copernicus (19 February 1473 – 24 May 1543) was Renaissance mathematician and astronomer who formulated the heliocentric model of the universe. Copernicus formulated a heliocentric model whilst studying in Lidzbark-Warminski in around 1508, now modern day Poland, after he was dissatisfied with the geocentric models of Ptolemy and Aristotle. Using astronomical observations and mathematical, Copernicus refined his ideas and published De revolutionibus orbium coelestium. This book outlines Copernicus’ 5 key ideas on motion, such as: 1. Planets do not revolve around one fixed point. 2. The Earth is the centre of the Moon’s orbit. 3. The sun is the centre of the universe, and all celestial bodies revolve around it. 4. Stars are stationary, and only appear to move because the Earth is itself moving. 5. Earth moves in a sphere around the sun, causing sun’s year movement. Copernicus’ De revolutionibus orbium coelestium was banned by the Roman Catholic Church, but when the ban was lifted in the 17th Century, the scientific community immediately expanded and refined his work. This suggests that the Roman Ca tholic Church held an enormous amount of power and dictated everyday life, and as a result, people became hungry for knowledge they could not acquire as a result of the Church’s censorship of new and modern ideas. Galileo Galilei. Prior to Galileo’s study of falling objects, Aristotle stated that heavy objects would fall faster than lighter ones in direct proportion to weight, and that objects do not retain their velocity and naturally slow down even when no force is acted upon the object. Galileo Galilei (15th February 1564 – 8th January 1642) was an Italian physicist, mathematician, astronomer and philosopher. Studying free-fall, Galileo dropped 2 balls, both of the same material but different masses, from the top the Leaning Tower of Pisa to demonstrate that the mass of the object was independent from its time of descent. The balls fell at the same time, contradicting Aristotle’s widely accepted teachings. Galileo, whose works on motion are linked to the discovery of inertia, and proposed that a falling body, regardless of weight or material, would fall with a uniform acceleration in a vacuum, and that the object would retain their velocity unless another force, such as friction, acts on the object. Galileo also derived the kinetic law for the distance covered during a uniform acceleration from start to finish: d ? t 2 (distance travelled is proportional to square of time period). Galileo was convicted of heresy as a result of his revolutionary scientific works and was put under house arrest for the rest of his life. Despite his imprisonment, he still expanded and published his works. The Church was a tyrannical figure in society, who imprisoned those who went against their scientifically flawed ideals, but their censorship of such scientific material such as the works Copernicus only inspired people like Galileo to expand their ideas and develop their own ideas. Sir Isaac Newton. The Church’s repression of Galileo prevented him from expanding his revolutionary ideas of inertia, and Aristotle’s scientifically incorrect theories were still the prevailing ideas of motion, including the belief that the speed of a falling body was dependent on the mass of the object, and that inertia was non-existent and that an object need to be constantly applied with force in order to keep moving. Sir Isaac Newton (25 December 1642 – 20 March 1727) was an English physicist and mathematician who formulated the 3 Laws of Motion. . If the net force is zero, then the velocity of the object is constant. 2. The net force on an object is equal to its rate of change. 3. For every action there is an equal and opposite re-action. Newton’s Law of Universal Gravitation states that every point mass in the universe attracts every other point mass with a force directly proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the s quare of the distance between them. The greater the mass, the greater the attrition. This is shown in the formula: Newton was knighted by Queen Anne in April 1705. This suggests that the Church’s attitudes towards scientific progression had changed, and instead of supressing it as it did with Copernicus and Galileo, it was recognised as great achievement, and this scientific progression led to many discoveries that would contribute to the world we live in today. Albert Einstein’s Theory of Special Relativity. Albert Einstein’s Theory of Special Relativity, published in 1905, is a theory of measurement that only applies to uniform velocities. According to his theory, Einstein states that all motion is relative and every concept involving space and time are also relative, therefore there is no constant point of reference to measure motion. Example: a ball falling from the mast of a ship would appear to an observer standing on the ship’s deck as falling straight down. However, to a person standing in the distance, the ball would appear as if it followed a curved trajectory. If asked which trajectory the ball followed considering both people’s perspectives, Einstein’s Theory of Special Relativity states that they are both right and wrong, as there must be a measurement of motion, but there cannot because there is no constant point of reference to measure motion. Albert Einstein’s Theory of General Relativity. Einstein’s Theory of General Relativity, published in 1916, states that every object causes a distortion in space-time and the larger the object, the further space bends. This distortion in space-time is felt as gravity or inertia, therefore meaning that gravity is the product of mass bending space-time geometry. Example: a large body lay at the centre of a trampoline. A marble rolling around the edge of the trampoline would spiral inward toward the body. The body being a large object bends space-time geometry, resulting in gravity and pulling the marble towards itself. How to cite History of Motion, Papers

Leadership in the 21st Century

Executive Summary Many authors on leadership cite that conventional leaders and leaderships of the past are inadequate in addressing the needs of the 21st century. This is because, presently, the world is characterised by paradox, unpredictability and unprecedented events brought about by change.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Leadership in the 21st Century specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Hence, most modern leaders faces tremendous demands, than ever before. Similarly, conventional leadership styles that were once embraced have become a liability to modern leaders. Thus, the 21st century leaders need to unlearn conventional wisdom associated with conventional leadership and shift to a new paradigm of leading. This report highlights the definition of leadership. In achieving this goal, the writer, through literature review, gives different definitions of leadership and leadership styles. Further, the writer ill ustrates; market forces, people issues and leadership incompetency among others, as some of the challenges facing leadership in the 21st century. Similarly, the writer singles out transformational and charistic leadership as the contemporary leadership styles practices by leaders in the 21st century. Introduction The conflict of talent acquisition, societal changes, globalisation and the ever shifting size of organisations are contributing to the realignment of leadership styles in the 21st century. Consequently, the yearning for an ethical and sustainable organisation, ignited by business scandals, and the increasing realism that people should be steadfast in preserving global natural resources for future sustainability is also taking a toll on present leaders. Thus, leaders are required to perform on ethical and moral standards aimed at preserving a balance between the eco-system and the societal needs to guarantee business success. Therefore, unlike in the past, the measure of le adership success in the 21st century is increasingly being tied on aspects such as ethical and global responsibilities among others. Cegarra-Navarro and Moya (2005) points out that for leaders to be competitive in the 21st century, they need to wield influence, embrace a vision that inspires people and dispel their doubts, they need to possess abilities to enhance connections, and they need to redefine the way they address the tasks at hand. Hence, without influence, leaders are finding it difficult to assert power and control in their respective areas of command.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Consequently, leaders need to attain assent in addition to obedience, and embrace imitators and subordinates. Cegarra-Navarro and Moya (2005) illustrates that the 21st leader is not satisfied by getting people to do the right thing his way, he/she also need them to perceive things h is/her way too. Leadership Cegarra-Navarro Moya (2005) defines leadership as a course compelling social influence. This is where an individual can conscript the support of others in achieving or accomplishing a common task or activity. Though Cegarra-Navarro Moya definition is valid, presently, the term is viewed as an occasional act, rather than a role. The basic understanding of leadership has not lost its meaning, in fact many authors have come up with other definations of leadership based on their understanding Cegarra-Navarro Moya, 2005). Bartram and Casimir (2007) illustrate that leadership revolves around a person who is in charge of a team or a group. Besides being a leader, leadership involves possessing power over others and wielding authority necessary for decision making. In the 21st century, the meaning of leadership has remained unchanged (Bartram and Casimir (2007). Philosophers such as Socrates, Plato and management gurus have demonstrated many efforts in understa nding leadership. They claim that, in these changing times, leadership is a source of answers for the success of an individual and organisations. Bartram and Casimir claims that every individual has his/her own intuitive understanding of leadership, anchored on a mixture of learning and experience (2007, p.15), thus, it is difficult to capture a succinct definition of leadership. Consequently, the mode in which leadership is rendered and understood is influenced by an individual’s theoretical viewpoint. We have individuals who perceive leadership as the value of established set of traits or as a characteristics influenced by ‘leaders’ (Bartram and Casimir (2007). On the other hand, other individuals claim that leadership is a social process that spring from a group or a team relationship (BakerGerlowski, 2007). These differing views, held by different people, have resulted divergent of thoughts about leadership. Baker Gerlowski (2007) highlights four challenges that make unanimity on reaching a common definition of leadership. He points out that the process’ challenge, that is, lack of consensus on whether leadership emanate from personal qualities of the leader, or whether the leader persuades fellowship in what he/he does Finch (2011).Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Leadership in the 21st Century specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Consequently Baker Gerlowski (2007) demonstrates that the ‘position’ problem helps to define a leader, that is, is the leader in charge of the situation through influence or authority? Moreover, the philosophical problem associated with leadership makes it challenging to reach a consensus on the definition of leadership. However, according to Magretta (2012) philosophy defines a leader in terms of causality, the intentional and the influence he/she has over the behavior of followers. Avolio and Gardner (2005) also cite that ‘purity’ is also a challenge contributing to lack of mutual consensus on the definition of leadership. Purity defines leadership as embodied in groups or in an individual making it a purely human phenomenon ( Jones, 2012). In addition to these divergent views, Magretta (2012) illustrates that some designations of leadership limit it to pure non-cohesive influence on shared objectives, thus, within such contexts, leaders such as Stalin and Hitler among others would be viewed as leaders, but as tyrants toiling for their own benefits and contingent on intimidation, violence and threats rather than embracing the refined practice of interpersonal influence connected to true leadership. However, Avolio and Gardner (2005) claims that basing leadership on such distinction is problematic because the actions of almost all leaders could be viewed as more or less beneficial to some individuals and groups. Northouse (2004) in a recent review of leadership theory cited that four major themes in the way in which leadership is perceived. He demonstrates that leadership is a process, entails influencing what happens in a group context, and encompasses goal achievement. Hence, he defines leadership as a â€Å"process where an individual influences a group of individuals to attain a common objective or a goal’ (Northouse, 2004, p. 3). Similarly, Yukl (2002) provides a more collective concept of leadership. He illustrates that â€Å"most leadership definitions mirrors the theory that involves a social influence course, whereby deliberate influence is exercised by an individual or a group over other individuals or groups to configure the activities and relationship in an organization or in a group† (Yukl, 2002, p. 3).Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In a nut shell, Yukl (2002) assert that leadership is a a unique phenomenon. It involves numerous but important social, organizational and personal processes. It largely depends on a process of influence where people are inspired to tailor their energies towards attaining group goals. Hooper and Potter (2000) offer a different perspective of understanding leadership. He illustrates that in understanding leadership, people should look at it from the viewpoint of a person’s disposition to accept accountability and responsibility for him/her and a group of other individuals in a given facet of life. He further demonstrates that leadership is character that is shown when an individual chooses to accept the duty by his/her own will and not when he/she is assigned with the equivalent by a superior power. Moreover, Hooper and Potter (2000) note that a leadership is sparked by motivation, inspiration and enthusiasm. Thus, a leader should be able to infuse these skills passionately to others. This will allow them to take command in their own respective contexts, give out their best in accomplishing the goal and inspire them to support each other towards a collective accomplishment (Magretta, 2012). Types of challenges facing leaders in the 21st century Kachra (2012) cite various leadership challenges facing leaders of the 21st century. Some of these challenges include; market forces, leadership competencies and people issues among others. Market Forces Market forces are driving change in many organisations at a macroeconomic level, thus; these forces are demanding more leadership acumen from leaders and the organization as a whole. For this purpose, market forces are viewed as a collective effect of the deeds and wants of those present in the market, either supplying or demanding a service or good. Some of these market forces shaping present leaders include; globalisation, increase of multinational firms, mergers and takeovers. Also, Kachra (2012) cites that the world has witnessed significant diversities in the workplace. This has been as a result of globalisation and a stronger necessity for explicit technical skills. Kachra (2012) notes that many large organizations have gained economies of scale as they allot overhead expenditures across production units. Thus, leadership has been put to test here. Managers needs effective skills on how to manage market forces. This includes having values and morals in understanding diversity, leading by example whereas commanding authority among others (Kachra, 2012). Also, Nevins and Stumpf (2012) points out that the advance of technology has significantly reduced the costs of reaching geographically scattered markets. Kachra (2012), however, notes that the market forces to embrace globalisation and increase the size do not guarantee the survival of the organization. Thus, sound leadership is a prerequisite. For example, Nevins and Stumpf (2012) cites that among the 500 firms in the Fortune magazine in 1970, about one third ceased to survive through the early 1980’s. Besides, Kachra (2012) also indicates that during the 1980’s among the 230 firms in the Fortune Magazine disappeared from the best Fortune 500 firms. Hence, Kachra (2012) acknowledges that neither the reputation nor the size of the firm guarantees its continued survival or success but effective leadership is a necessacity. Seddon and Onyett (2011) cite that compared to demand based market forces, the source of human capital is enduring ubiquitous and powerful change. The supply of human capital is diverse and individual employees need to command a high level of technical expertise in their area of specialization to be successful. At an outright minimum, firms are accommodating diversity, hence, the manner the company manages its diversity grants it a competitive advantage in formulating new ideas and matching the differences that arise to work demands. Concisely, organisations are struggling with incr easing deregulation. Some contend with the older older work force, hence; they find it challenging to embrace change and re-invent them (Hooper Potter, 2000). However, for most firms clear leadership that directs and encourage reinvention and embrace its strong history and foundations continues to be successful. People Issues People issues is also a major challenge affecting leadership in the 21st century. Manager’s perceives that people’s issues involves relationships with others and the organisation. Traditionally, these concerns were amicably handled by the Human resources, and were seen basic aspects of the organisation. However, Gayle et al (2011) indicate that in the 21st century, people issues and concerns forms a major aspect of the firm. Presently, Gayle et al (2011) notes that more workforces in the industrial world hold conventional full-time jobs and at the dawn of each year, more people are either getting to self-employment, part time or finding temporal jobs. Thus, this scenario illustrates a critical challenge in which the present and future manager will encounter. Besides, what is obscure to a manager is that the employee possess different expectations and demands on his/her organisation. More significant is that the employer-employee relationship looks more different than in the previous century. With increasing globalisation and complexity, most organisations are demanding for abilities and skills from their leaders to increase competitive advantage and facilitate decision making. Hence, managers leaders need to have the ability to balance the needs of employee globally and customers’ needs. However, this balance wiis becoming a challenge to strike efficiently and profitably in the years to come. Diversity is becoming a strategic differentiator rather than being a desired demographic profile. The managers of today are being brought up in productive diversity than in traditional taxonomies, where issues of ethnicity, race and other social dividers were simply undermined or ignored. However, as the workforce is growing in diversity, leaders need to accept individual differences in the workplace and devise creativity which will increase productivity and appreciate the talented work workforce established by diversity. Hooper and Potter (2000) note that organisations today are increasingly devising different methods of accomplishing tasks. They are placing more emphasis on the use of interdependent teams, as few people are knowledgeable. This is unlike in the past where an employee policy book or given forms of behavior was required. Though this strategy sound to elicit chaos in the organisation, it offers a great opportunity for a manager who is flexible, adept and intelligent to seize it and assist the organisation to move forward (Hooper and Potter, 2000). In the 21st century, talented human capital seen as the prime component for business success. Businesses are accepting the change of power from pr oprietors and senior management to knowledge workers. Moreover, specialists are becoming less worried with the conventional perception of career and more concerned in what is referred to self-fulfillment. In achieving aspects of self-fulfillment, organizations are advancing more revenues in attracting, forming and retaining competent professionals. Leadership incompetencies The advancing nature of business, practiced by global organisations has ignited a unique form of leadership competency. Presently, most organisations arrenot willing to be tied on the hard-nosed and top down structures or directions previously famous with the traditional leadership styles. They view that empathy and flexibility and retaining the best values of the business is the way forward in outwitting erratic impediments in the organisation’s leadership. Thus, Hybels (2009)demonstrate that this is the characteristics of the 21st leaders. Seddon and Onyett (2011) note that because of this leadership cha llenge, leaders who take up leadership roles need to be technologically savvy and inspirational. Though thesem skills make them devoted to service, details, to be entrepreneurial focus and be inclusive than being autocratic they make them better leaders. Also, Nevins and Stumpf (2012) cite that the leaders of the 21st century needs to handle the leadership challenge of being able to articulate value proposition, that is, maintaining value position in a vibrant market and revitalizing others to embrace it. They also need to invest in a business model that directs and guides employee decision making process at all levels of the organisation. Moreover, Seddon and Onyett (2011) states that leaders need to commit to a culture that stimulate learning and mentorship. Contemporary approaches to Leadership Transformational Leadership Nevins and Stumpf (2012) points out that transformational leadership is a new form of leadership which has become more common in the 21st century. Most organisa tions have embraced this form of leadership to encourage organisation growth and improve teamwork in the organisation. According to Seddon and Onyett (2011) transformational leadership supports capacity growth and development and fosters a higher level of commitment amongst followers anchored on the organisation’s objectives. Egner (2009) illustrates that transformational leadership happens when a leader widens and raises the group’s needs when they understand the objective or the mission of the group. According to Nevins and Stumpf (2012), a manager embracing this form of leadership motivates the group or employees to look beyond their personal self-interest for the purpose of the group. Transformational leaders raise individuals from their low positions of need to a higher level. Consequently, they support the group by motivating the followers to exceed their personal interests in view of attaining other collective purposes. The 21st century organisations are in need of such leaders because they engender trust, loyalty and respect among their followers. Egner (2009) points out that because transformational leaders are in constant touch with other people, he/she instills values and beliefs that are beneficial and can be imitated by the group as a whole. The critical aspect of transformation leadership is that leaders and followers helps in raising each other’s morality, attainments and motivations to a degree that wouldn’t have happened if each was working on his/her own. Williams and Sullivan (2011) points out four factors that makes up a transformational leader. He cites that a transformational leader has an idealized influence. This dimension is al about building trust and confidence and acting as a role model that his/her followers can emulate. Confidence that a leaders has establishes a foundation for embracing the organisation change. Also, a transformational leader posses inspirational motivation. Gayle et al (2011) note tha t this is related to idealized influence, hence; he/she uses this skill to motivate the entire organisation. They help in creating a clear view of the future and grant his/her followers the opportunity to perceive the meaning in their tasks or activities. Moreover, they stimulate intellectual acumen. This involves arousing and shifting the follower’s awareness of challenges and their ability to solve those challenges. Transformational leaders questions beliefs and norms and urge followers to be creative. They also empower followers to contribute towards decision making without fear. Lastly, Gayle et al (2011) note that transformational leaders value individualized consideration. This approach involves responding to a specific and unique need of the follower, which in turn is replicated in the organisation’s transformation process (Avolio and Gardner, 2005). Charismatic Leadership Charistmatic leadership entails a leader who amasses followers through a indent of charm a nd personality, rather than using any form of external authority and power. Thus, in the 21st century, more managers organisation are embracing this style of leadership to build relationship with emloyees. According to. Finch (2011) charismatic leadership comprises of three major factors. These factors are the social context which calls for such a leader, the leader and his/her attributes and the interaction between the leader and his followers. Nevins and Stumpf (2012) illustrates some of the traits that makes up a charistimatic leader. He cite that a charistmatic leader as a motive to attain power. In this case, they often do not embrace conventional power, ask for official position or post but what motivates them is the social power. Finch (2011) cites that this trait allows their followers to accord them respect and perceive them as their savior. Moreover, they want to win their positions using their followers hearts. Once they win power, they remains popular for a longer time. Also, Margarita (2012) note that charistimatic leaders are open to change. Whereas othey type of leaders try to uphold the status quo for fear of change, Gayle et al (2011) points out that charistimatic leaders are fully open to change. They represent the change and at a time, they like associating theselves with the change created, thus, it is interesting to note that they are more powerful in the contexts which necessistated the change. Key Findings In the 21st century, most organisations are devising strategies strategies which can assist it to expand and increase productivity. Thus, to achieve these goals, they demand for leaders who possess transformational leadership skills. These leaders are seen to hold strong vision, charisma and strong moral behavior, hence, they are able to motivate others in achieving a common goal. Despite the challenges facing the 21st century leaders such as market forces, people issues and leadership competency, managers are using their abilities to handle these challenges and ensuring that organisations remains steadfast in achieving its goals. However, more needs to be done to enhance their leadership skills (Avolio and Gardner, 2005). This will include training, mentoring and coaching among others. In the 21st century, most organisations are embracing leadership styles that add value to the organization. Thus, transformational and charistimatic forms of leadership styles are common. These styles are being seen to motivate the workforce besides granting them the opportunity to be part of the organisation’s decision making stakeholders. Nevins and Stumpf (2012) illustrates that these leadership styles grants freedom to employees or group, hence, less leader’s participation. The group can come up or develop their own goals and solve their own problems; hence, freedom without interference, which is a clear motivation for the group’s development (Hooper Potter, 2000). Conclusion Leadership has evolved over t he ages. Many people views that effective leadership instills motivation, inspires and help in effective decision making. However, leadership which is riddled with unacceptable practices can cause low productivity, build hostility and slow down organisation’s progress. Organisations are expanding and building new alliances, thus, in the 21st century, a leader is required to be a person who has the acumen for business and human relationship. The aspect of human aspect is critical because the 21st century require leaders who can motivate, inspire and influence people. Hence proficiency in understanding human aspects is critical. Similarly, The 21st leader need to understand the synergistic power of leadership and professionalism. References Avolio, B. Gardner, W. 2005, Authentic leadership development: getting to the root of positive forms of leadership. Leadership Quarterly, Vol. 16, pp. 315 – 338. Baker, S. Gerlowski, D. 2007, Team effectiveness and leader-follower a greement: an empirical study. Journal of American Academy of Business, Vol. 12, No. 1, pp. 15 – 23. Bartram, T. Casimir, G. 2007, The relationship between leadership and follower in-role performance and satisfaction with the leader. Leadership Organization Development Journal, Vol. 28, No. 1, pp. 4 – 19. Cegarra-Navarro, J. Moya, B. 2005, Business performance management and unlearning process.Knowledge and Process Management, Vol. 12, No. 3, pp.161 – 170. 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A. 2012, 21st Century Leadership: Redefining Management Education: Educating Managers in the Modern Era. Web. Northouse, P. G. 2004, Leadership: Theory and Practice (3rd Edition), Sage Publications Ltd, London. Seddon, J. Onyett, S. 2011, â€Å"‘Get out there and do some leadership through getting knowledge’†, International Journal of Leadership in Public Services, Vol. 7 no. 1, pp.62 – 67. Williams, P. Sullivan, H. 2011, â€Å"Lessons in leadership for learning and knowledge management in multi-organisational settings†, International Journal of Leadership in Public Services, Vol. 7 no. 1, pp.6 – 20. Yukl, G. A. 2002, Leadership in Organizations: Fifth Edition, Upper Saddle River, NJ, Prentice-Hall. This report on Leadership in the 21st Century was written and submitted by user Kimberly Kent to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.